The Haymarket Bombing
On 1st May, 1886 a strike was began throughout the United States in support of
an eight-hour day. Over the next few days over 340,000 men and women
withdrew their labor. Over a quarter of these strikers were from Chicago and the
employers were so shocked by this show of unity that 45,000 workers in the city
were immediately granted a shorter workday.
The campaign for the eight-hour day was organised by the International Working
Peoples Association (IWPA). On 3rd May, the IWPA in Chicago held a rally outside
the McCormick Harvester Works, where 1,400 workers were on strike. They were
joined by 6,000 lumber-shovers, who had also withdrawn their labour. While
August Spies, one of the leaders of the IWPA was making a speech, the police
arrived and opened-fire on the crowd, killing four of the workers.
The following day August Spies, who was editor of the Arbeiter-Zeitung,
published a leaflet in English and German entitled: Revenge! Workingmen to
Arms!. It included the passage: "They killed the poor wretches because they,
like you, had the courage to disobey the supreme will of your bosses. They
killed them to show you 'Free American Citizens' that you must be satisfied with
whatever your bosses condescend to allow you, or you will get killed. If you are
men, if you are the sons of your grand sires, who have shed their blood to free
you, then you will rise in your might, Hercules, and destroy the hideous monster
that seeks to destroy you. To arms we call you, to arms." Spies also published a
second leaflet calling for a mass protest at Haymarket Square that evening.
Photographs taken on 3rd May, 1887.
August Spies, Albert Parsons,
Louis Lingg (center)
George Engel and Adolph Fisher
On 4th May, over 3,000 people turned up at the Haymarket meeting. Speeches were
made by August Spies, Albert Parsons and Samuel Fielden. At 10 a.m. Captain John
Bonfield and 180 policemen arrived on the scene. Bonfield was telling the crowd
to "disperse immediately and peaceably" when someone threw a bomb into the
police ranks from one of the alleys that led into the square. It exploded
killing eight men and wounding sixty-seven others. The police then immediately
attacked the crowd. A number of people were killed (the exact number was never
disclosed) and over 200 were badly injured.
Several people identified Rudolph Schnaubelt as the man who threw the bomb. He
was arrested but was later released without charge. It was later claimed that
Schnaubelt was an agent provocateur in the pay of the authorities. After the
release of Schnaubelt, the police arrested Samuel Fielden, an Englishman, and
six German immigrants, August Spies, Adolph Fisher, Louis Lingg, George Engel,
Oscar Neebe, and Michael Schwab. The police also sought Albert Parsons, the
leader of the International Working Peoples Association in Chicago, but he went
into hiding and was able to avoid capture. However, on the morning of the trial,
Parsons arrived in court to standby his comrades.
That a group made up of mainly foreign-born anarchists should find itself arraigned on conspiracy charges in Chicago in 1886 remains one of the more compelling metaphors for the age. The closing decades of the nineteenth century were among the most turbulent in modern U.S. history, and no city felt the transformations of the time more keenly than Chicago. To some Americans the future of the republic itself seemed in question, as economic depression and a widening conflict between capital and labor laid bare the social divisions and political tensions of the post-Civil War era. In the years leading up to the Hayrnarket "conspiracy" industrial conflict intensified, with almost 700,000 workers on strike in 1886, the year of the Haymarket bombing. By the end of the decade nearly 10,000 lockouts and strikes had taken place. The 1880s had also seen the rise of a new nativist response to shifting patterns in immigration to the United States, as groups of white "native-born Americans in cities across the country preached the dangers of non-assimilation, and the cancerous presence of "alien" political ideologies. The aftermath of the Haymarket bombing was not a good time to be a known anarchist in Chicago. Neither was it a good time to be a foreign-born U.S. worker.
There were plenty of witnesses who were able to prove that none of the eight men
threw the bomb. The authorities therefore decided to charge them with conspiracy
to commit murder. The prosecution case was that these men had made speeches and
written articles that had encouraged the unnamed man at the Haymarket to throw
the bomb at the police.
The jury was chosen by a special bailiff instead of being selected at random.
One of those picked was a relative of one of the police victims. Julius
Grinnell, the State's Attorney, told the jury: "Convict these men make examples
of them, hang them, and you save our institutions."
At the trial it emerged that Andrew Johnson, a detective from the Pinkerton
Agency, had infiltrated the group and had been collecting evidence about the
men. Johnson claimed that at anarchist meetings these men had talked about using
violence. Reporters who had also attended International Working Peoples
Association meetings also testified that the defendants had talked about using
force to "overthrow the system".
During the trial the judge allowed the jury to read speeches and articles by the
defendants where they had argued in favour of using violence to obtain political
change. The judge then told the jury that if they believed, from the evidence,
that these speeches and articles contributed toward the throwing of the bomb,
they were justified in finding the defendants guilty.
All the men were found guilty: Albert Parsons, August Spies, Adolph Fischer,
Louis Lingg and George Engel were given the death penalty. Whereas Oscar Neebe,
Samuel Fielden and Michael Schwab were sentenced to life imprisonment. On 10th
November, 1887, Lingg committed suicide by exploding a dynamite cap in his
mouth. The following day Parsons, Spies, Fisher and Engel mounted the gallows.
As the noose was placed around his neck, Spies shouted out: "There will be a
time when our silence will be more powerful than the voices you strangle today."
Many people believed that the men had not been given a fair trial and in 1893,
John Peter Altgeld, the new governor of Illinois, pardoned Oscar Neebe, Samuel
Fielden and Michael Schwab.
Statements On/In/About The Case
George McLean
The Rise and Fall of Anarchy in America (1890)
The eight hour system of labor had been agitated for some time, and the first of
May, 1886, was the time set for it to go into effect by all the trade and labor
unions. It was suspected by many that the insubordinate element of socialists
and anarchists would take advantage of the already fermented state of the
working classes, to make a bold stand to revolutionize and demoralize, by their
treasonable and inflammatory speeches, the otherwise peaceful and respectable
citizens of Chicago.
The McCormick reaper works, with over one thousand employees, mostly foreigners,
had been out on a strike for several weeks, and being at fever heat the
anarchists sought to produce a riot among these turbulent men. The troublesome
element consisted largely of the ignorant lower classes of Bavarians, Bohemians,
Hungarians, Germans, Austrians, and others who held secret meetings in organized
groups armed and equipped like the nihilists of Russia, and the communists of
France.
August Spies
Die Arbeiter Zeitung (18th March 1886)
If we do not soon bestir ourselves for a bloody revolution, we cannot leave
anything to our children but poverty and slavery. Therefore, prepare yourselves!
In all quietness, prepare yourselves for the Revolution!
Attorney General Julius Grinnell
Opening address to the jury (September, 1887)
On May 3 everything was done that could be done to arouse the people to anarchy.
The conspiracy was so large, the numbers so appalling, that it seems impossible
to describe it. The men who have incited this bloodshed have been picked out and
should be blotted out. In breaking up the meeting Inspector Bonfield did the
wisest thing he could have done. If he had waited until the next night the
Socialist would have gained strength, and hundreds would have been killed
instead of the seven that did fall. The action was the wisest thing ever done in
this city. The courage and strength of the police saved the town. The
inflammatory speeches of these people decided Inspector Bonfield that the
meeting should be broken up.
Captain Ward alone of all those policemen had a revolver in his hand. He stepped
forward in the usual manner, and ordered the people to disperse. At this command
Fielden stepped from the wagon and said in a loud voice: "We are peaceable." At
this remark, as though it was some secret signal, a man who had before been on
the wagon, taking a bomb from his pocket, lit the fuse and threw it into the
ranks of the police. Fielden, standing behind the wagon, opened fire and kept it
up for several minutes, when he in turn disappeared. Fielden was the only one of
all the men who had a spark of heroism in him. The action of the police cannot
be too highly commended. Not a shot was fired by them until many of their
comrades had fallen.
I will try and show to you who threw the bomb, and I will prove to your
satisfaction that Lingg made it. There are a great many counts in this case, but
murder is the main one. It is not necessary to bring the bomb-thrower into the
court. Though none of these men, perhaps, threw the bomb personally, they aided
and abetted the throwing of it, and are as responsible as the actual thrower."
Andrew Johnson
Pinkerton Detective who infiltrated the Chicago
anarchist group
A man named Bishop introduced a resolution of sympathy for a girl named Sorell.
Bishop stated that the girl had been assaulted by her master. She had applied
for a warrant, which had been refused her on account of the high social standing
of her master. August Spies said: "What is the use of passing resolutions? We
must act, and revenge the girl. Here is a fine opportunity for some of our young
men to go and shoot Wight." That was the man who had assaulted the girl.
Moses Salomon
Defense lawyer (September, 1887)
Now, gentlemen, I desire to call your attention to what these defendants on
trial are charged with. They are not charged with Anarchy; they are not charged
with Socialism; they are not charged with the fact that Anarchy and Socialism is
dangerous or beneficial to the community; but, according to the law under which
we are now acting, a charge specific in its nature must be made against them,
and that alone, must be sustained, and it is the duty of the jury to weigh the
evidence as it bears upon that charge; an upon no other point can they pay
attention to it. Now, gentlemen, the charge here is shown by this indictment.
The section of the law under which this indictment is framed is as follows:
Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being in the peace of the people with
malice aforethought, either expressed or implied. The unlawful killing may be
perpetrated by poisoning, striking, stabbing, shooting, etc., or by any other of
the various forms or means by which human nature may be overcome and death
thereby occasioned. Express malice is that deliberate intention unlawfully to
take away the life of a fellow-creature, which is manifested by external
circumstances capable of proof. Malice shall be implied when no considerable
provocation appears, or when all the circumstances of the killing show an
abandoned and malignant heart.
William Foster
Defense lawyer (September, 1887)
It is not enough to warrant the conviction of the defendant Lingg that he may
have manufactured the bomb, the explosion of which killed Mathias J. Degan. He
must have aided, abetted or advised the exploding of the bomb, or of the doing
of some illegal act, or the doing of the legal act in an unlawful manner, in the
furtherance of which, and as incident thereto, the same was exploded and said
Degan killed. If, as to the defendant Lingg the jury should find beyond all
reasonable doubt that he did in fact manufacture said bomb, but are not
satisfied beyond all reasonable doubt that he aided, advised, counseled or
abetted the throwing of said missile, or the doing of any unlawful act which
resulted in the explosion of said bomb, your verdict should acquit him as far as
the establishment of his guilt is attempted by the manufacture of said missile
or bomb.
Whatever may be our criticism upon the matter of manufacturing dynamite bombs
for any purpose, there is no law within this State which makes the mere
manufacture of such missiles a crime punishable by death or otherwise. Louis
Lingg could not have been convicted of murder because of all this matter
detailed by Seilger and his wife and Lehman, even if it were clear that the bomb
thrown at Haymarket had come from his hands, if it had been thrown by a third
party acting upon his own responsibility an without Lingg's knowledge, consent,
aid , assistance, advice or encouragement.
Albert Parsons
Speech at his trial (September, 1887)
The labor question is up for settlement. It demands and commands a hearing. The
existing disorders threaten not only the peace, but the destruction of society
itself. The movement to reduce the work hours is intended by its projectors to
give a peaceful solution to the difficulties between capitalists and laborers. I
have always held that there were two ways to settle this trouble-either by
peaceable or violent methods. Reduced hours- or eight hours - is a
peace-offering. It is for capitalists to give or laborers to take. I hold that
capitalists will not give eight hours. Why? Because the rate of wages in every
wage-paying country is regulated by what it takes to live on; in other words, it
is subsistence wages. This subsistence wage is what political economists call
the 'iron law of wages', because it is unvarying and inviolable. How does this
law operate? In this way: A laborer is hired to do a day's work. In the first
two hours of the ten he reproduces the equivalent of his wage; the other eight
hours is what the employer gets and gets for nothing. Hence the laborer, as the
statistics of the census of 1880 show, does ten work for two hours pay. Now,
reduced hours, or eight hours, means that the profit monger is to get only six
hours instead of, as now, eight hours for nothing. For this reason employers of
labor will not voluntarily concede the reduction. I do not believe that capital
will quietly or peaceably permit the economic emancipation of their wage-slaves.
It is against all the teachings of history and human nature for men to
voluntarily yield up usurped or arbitrary power. The capitalists of the world
will for this reason force the workers into armed revolution. Socialists point
out this fact and warn the workingmen to prepare for the inevitable.
August Spies
Speech at his trial (September, 1887)
The contemplated murder of eight men, whose only crime is that they have dared
to speak the truth, may open the eyes of these suffering millions; may wake them
up. Indeed, I have noticed that our conviction has worked miracles in this
direction already. The class that clamors for our lives, the good, devout
Christians, have attempted in every way, through their newspapers and otherwise,
to conceal the true and only issue in this case. By simply designating the
defendants as anarchists and picturing them as a newly discovered tribe or
species of cannibals, and by inventing shocking and horrifying stories of dark
conspiracies said to be planned by them, these good Christians zealously sought
to keep the naked fact from the working people and other righteous parties,
namely: that on the evening on May 4, 200 armed men, under the command of a
notorious ruffian, attacked a meeting of peaceable citizens! With what
intention? With the intention of murdering them, or as many of them as they
could.
George Engel
Speech at his trial (September, 1887)
When I left Germany in the year 1873 it was by reason of my recognition of the
fact that I could not support myself in the future as it was the duty of a man
to do. I recognized that I could not make my living in Germany because the
machinery of the guilds of old no longer furnished me a guarantee to live. I
resolved to emigrate from Germany to the United States, praised by many so
highly.
When I landed in Philadelphia, on the 8th January, 1873, my heart and my bosom
expanded with the expectation of living hereafter in that free country which had
been so often praised to me by so many emigrants, and I resolved to be a good
citizen of this country; and I congratulated myself on having broken with
Germany.
For the first time I stand before an American court, and at that to be at once
condemned to death. And what are the causes that have preceded it, and have
brought me into court? They are the same things that preceded my leaving
Germany, and the same causes that made me leave. I have seen with my own eyes
that in this free country, in this richest country in the world, so to say,
there are existing proletarians who are pushed out of the order of society.
Albert Parsons
Speech at his trial (September, 1887)
My ancestors came to this country a good while ago. My friend Oscar Neebe here
is the descendant of a Pennsylvania Dutchman. He and I are the only two who had
fortune, or the misfortune, as some people may look at it I don't know and I
don't care-to be born in this country. My ancestors had a hand in drawing up and
maintaining the Declaration of Independence. My great great grand-uncle lost a
hand at the Battle of Bunker Hill. I had a great great great grand-uncle with
Washington at Brandywine, Monmouth and Valley Forge. I have been here long
enough, I think, to have rights guaranteed at least in the constitution of the
country.
Albert Parsons
Letter to his wife, Lucy Parson (14th September, 1887)
Our verdict this morning cheers the hearts of tyrants throughout the world, and
the result will be celebrated by King Capital in its drunken feast of flowing
wine from Chicago to St. Petersburg. Nevertheless, our doom to death is the
handwriting on the wall, foretelling the downfall of hate, malice, hypocrisy,
judicial murder, oppression, and the domination of man over his fellowman. The
oppressed of earth are writhing in their legal chains. The giant Labor is
awakening. The masses, aroused from their stupor, will snap their petty chains
like reeds in the whirlwind.
We are all creatures of circumstance; we are what we have been made to be. This
truth is becoming clearer day by day.
There was no evidence that any one of the eight doomed men knew of, or advised,
or abetted the Haymarket tragedy. But what does that matter? The privileged
class demands a victim, and we are offered a sacrifice to appease the hungry
yells of an infuriated mob of millionaires who will be contented with nothing
less than our lives. Monopoly triumphs! Labor in chains ascends the scaffold for
having dared to cry out for liberty and right!
Well, my poor, dear wife, I, personally, feel sorry for you and the helpless
little babes of our loins.
You I bequeath to the people, a woman of the people. I have one request to make
of you: Commit no rash act to yourself when I am gone, but take up the great
cause of Socialism where I am compelled to lay it down.
My children - well, their father had better die in the endeavor to secure their
liberty and happiness than live contented in a society which condemns
nine-tenths of its children to a life of wage slavery and poverty. Bless them; I
love them unspeakably, my poor helpless little ones.
Ah, wife, living or dead, we are as one. For you my affection is everlasting.
For the people. Humanity. I cry out again and again in the doomed victim's cell:
Liberty! Justice! Equality!
August Spies
In a letter to Richard Oglesby, the Governor of
Illinois (6th November, 1887)
During our trial the desire of the prosecutor to slaughter me, and to let my
co-defendants off with milder punishment was quite apparent and manifest. It
seemed to me then, and a great many of others, that the persecutors would be
satisfied with one life - namely mine. Take this, then! Take my life! I offer it
to you so that you may satisfy the fury of a semi-barbaric mob, and save that of
my comrades. I know that every one of my comrades is as willing to die, and
perhaps more so than I am. It is not for their sake that I make this offer, but
in the name of humanity and progress, in the interest of a peaceable - if
possible - development of the social forces that are destined to lift our race
upon a higher and better plane of civilization. In the name of the traditions of
our country I beg you to prevent a seven-fold murder upon men whose only crime
is that they are idealists, that they long for a better future for all. If legal
murder there must be, let one, let mine, suffice.
The Chicago Daily News Report
On the execution of August Spies, Adolph Fischer,
George Engel, and Albert Parsons (12th November, 1887)
Seldom, if ever, have four men died more gamely and defiantly than the four who
were strangled today. Every eye was bent upon the metallic angle around which
the four wretched victims were expected to make their appearance. A moment later
their curiosity was rewarded. With steady, unfaltering step a white-robed figure
stepped out from behind the protecting metallic screen and stood upon the drop.
It was August Spies. It was evident that his hands were firmly bound behind him
underneath his snowy shroud.
He walked with a firm, almost stately tread across the platform and took his
stand under the left-hand noose at the corner of the scaffold farthest from the
side at which he had entered. Very pale was the expressive face, and a solemn,
far-away light shone in his blue eyes. Nothing could be imagined more
melancholy, and at the same time dignified, than the expression which sat upon
the face of August Spies at that moment.
Spies had scarcely taken his place on the scaffold when his place when he was
followed by Fischer. He, too, was clad in a long white shroud that was gathered
in at the ankles. His tall figure towered several inches over that of Spies, and
as he stationed himself behind his particular noose his face was very pale, but
a faint smile rested upon his lips.
Next came George Engel. There was a ruddy glow upon the rugged countenance of
the old anarchist, and when he ranged himself alongside Fischer he raised
himself to his full height, while his burly form seemed to expand with the
feelings that were within him. Engel smiled down at the crowd, and then turning
to Deputy Peters, who guarded him, he smiled gratefully toward him and whispered
something to the officer that seemed to affect him.
Last came Parsons. His face looked actually handsome, though it was very pale.
When he stepped upon the gallows he turned partially sideways to the dangling
noose and regarded it with a fixed, stony gaze - one of mingled surprise and
curiosity. Then he straightened himself under the fourth noose, and, as he did
so, he turned his big gray eyes upon the crowd below with such as look of awful
reproach and sadness as could not fail to strike the innermost chord of the
hardest heart there. It was a look never to be forgotten. There was an
expression almost of inspiration on the white, calm face, and the great, stony
eyes seemed to burn into men's hearts and ask: "What have I done?"
The four men stood upon the scaffold clad from top to toe in pure white. For an
instant there was a dead silence, and then a mournful solemn voice sounded from
behind the right-hand mask, and cut the air like a wail of sorrow and warning.
Spies was speaking from behind his shroud. The words seemed to drop into the
cold, silent air like pellets of fire. Here is what he said: "There will be a
time when our silence will be more powerful than the voices you strangle today."
John Peter Altgeld
Statement why he was going to pardon Oscar Neebe,
Samuel Fielden and Michael Schwab for the Bombing (26th June, 1893)
On 1st May, 1886, a number of laboring men, standing not on the street but on a
vacant lot, were quietly discussing the situation in regard to the movement
(attempts to secure an eight-hour day), when suddenly a large body of police,
under orders from Bonfield, charged on them and began to club them; that some of
the men, angered at the unprovoked assault, at first resisted but were soon
dispersed; that some of the police fired on the men while they were running and
wounded a large number who were running as fast as they could; that at least
four of the number so shot down died; and this was wanton and unprovoked murder,
but there was not even so much as an investigation.
While some men may tamely submit to being clubbed and seeing their brothers shot
down, there are some who will resent it and will nurture a spirit of hatred and
seek revenge for themselves, and the occurrences that preceded the Haymarket
tragedy indicate that the bomb was thrown by someone who, instead of acting on
the advice of anybody, who simply seeking personal revenge for having been
clubbed, and the Captain Bonfield is the man who is really responsible for the
death of the police officers.
It is further shown here that much of the evidence given at the trial was a pure
fabrication; that some of the prominent police officials, in their zeal, not
only terrorized ignorant men by throwing them into prison and threatening them
with torture if they refused to swear to anything desired but that they offered
money and employment to those who would consent to do this. Further, that they
deliberately planned to have fictitious conspiracies formed in order that they
might get the glory of discovering them.
I am convinced that it is clearly my duty to act in this case for the reasons
already given; and I, therefore, grant an absolute pardon to Samuel Fielden,
Oscar Neebe, and Michael Schwab, this 26th day of June, 1893.
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